How commercial real estate operators are rethinking capital planning, execution, and control — and the AI technology landscape powering the shift.
Publisher
Tailorbird, 2026
Format
5 Parts / Full Guide
Topic
CapEx Orchestration for CRE
What You’ll Find In This Guide
——
Capital expenditure decisions in commercial real estate are among the most consequential a portfolio makes — and among the most poorly supported by technology. This guide defines a new category, CapEx Orchestration, and maps the technology landscape enabling it: why the old model breaks, what operators are doing now, which vendors serve different parts of the stack, and where the platform layer is heading.
Ask any VP of Asset Management, Construction, or Finance at a large commercial real estate operator how they manage capital expenditures, and you’ll hear a version of the same story: we’re making multi-million-dollar decisions from spreadsheets and knowledge passed from team member to team member.
This isn’t a people problem. It’s a systems problem. The tools built for CRE operations were designed around rent roll, lease management, and accounting. Platforms were not built ground-up with capital planning, scope development, or construction execution in mind. CapEx was an afterthought.
The numbers behind the problem
Construction and capital project management have a well-documented performance problem. The data is consistent across multiple large-scale studies:
——
9 in 10
Construction & capital projects experience cost overruns. McKinsey Global Institute.
——
Only 31%
Of capital projects come within 10% of budgeted cost. KPMG Global Construction Survey, 2015.
——
$177B+
Annual U.S. construction labor cost tied to avoidable rework and miscommunication. PlanGrid/FMI, 2018.
——
20% / 80%
How large capital projects typically run vs. original estimates: longer / over budget. McKinsey.
——
88%
Of construction schedules fail basic quality benchmarks. SmartPM, 2025 State of Construction Scheduling.
——
75% / 77%
Of CRE owner projects over budget / behind schedule, averaging 70 days late. IDC, commissioned by Procore.
The three gaps driving the problem
The Planning Gap
Budgets are built from historical estimates, benchmarks, and assumptions — not from actual asset data. Remaining useful life goes unmeasured. Scope is defined late. Contingency is a flat percentage.
The Intelligence Gap
After projects close, the data doesn't compound. Cost actuals, performance outcomes, and vendor quality scores rarely feed back into future planning cycles. Every cycle starts from scratch. Employee attrition means institutional knowledge walks out the door with each departure.
The Orchestration Gap
Once a project is approved, execution fragments across procurement, construction management, vendor coordination, and property management systems that don't talk to each other. Scope drift goes undetected.
——
“The average operator has $50M+ in annual CapEx running through spreadsheets and email — money they can’t fully see, control, or turn into operating leverage. If that could be optimized, what would it do to yields?”
Tim Cantwell, CEO & Co-Founder, Tailorbird
The cost of the status quo
The financial impact of fragmented CapEx management compounds across the asset lifecycle. The research is consistent on the scale of the problem:
90%
[1][2]
Cost overruns
of construction projects experience cost overruns; only 25% finish within 10% of deadline.
75 / 77%
[8]
Owner project slippage
of real estate owners report over budget / behind schedule — averaging 70 days late.
88%
[7]
Schedule quality failure
of construction schedules fail basic data-quality benchmarks, limiting forecast reliability.
$65B
[4]
Annual rework cost
U.S. construction rework alone — roughly 5% of total construction spend, every year.
52%
[3]
Rework from bad data
of all rework stems from poor project data and miscommunication — a systems problem.
Days
Portfolio reporting lag
of manual consolidation to produce portfolio-level CapEx reports — leaving execs flying blind mid-cycle.
Reserve studies and capital forecasts go stale within months of publication. Without a platform to operationalize them, they become shelf documents.
Why existing tools don’t solve it
The CRE technology market has not lacked investment. But the tools built to date solve adjacent problems:
Property Management Systems
Designed for leasing, rent collection, and accounting. CapEx is an afterthought — a work order or a GL line item.
Construction Management Platforms
Built for project delivery and field execution. Optimized for managing a single job, not a portfolio of capital decisions.
ERP / Accounting Systems
Track spend after it's committed. Provide no planning intelligence, no scope management, no asset-level context.
Spreadsheets
Flexible, familiar, and universally insufficient at scale. No version control, no integration, no compounding intelligence.
Work Order Tools (CMMS / EAM)
Reactive by design, and built primarily for plants and industrial facilities — not portfolios of residential and commercial buildings.
BIM (Building Information Modeling)
An open methodology, not a vendor category, for modeling a building's geometry, cost, and performance data across its lifecycle. Tailorbird draws on BIM thinking but isn't a BIM platform: BIM exists to coordinate an ecosystem of contributors; we're focused on collapsing the need for that coordination entirely.
BMS / Digital Twins
Sensor and controls systems that monitor and automate building performance in real time. Powerful where the underlying infrastructure supports it, but largely impractical across residential housing stock and the aging commercial stock globally.
What CRE operators need is a layer that sits above all of these — one that orchestrates the flow of capital intelligence from asset condition through planning, approval, execution, and close-out. That layer is CapEx Orchestration.
——Part 2
Defining the Category
What is CapEx Orchestration?
CapEx Orchestration is the operating system for capital: the intelligence and workflow layer that sits at the center of your existing stack, connecting asset data, planning decisions, and execution workflows across every system your team already runs.
It is not a new layer on top of your PMS. It is not a construction management add-on. It is not another reporting dashboard. It is the system that makes your existing stack work, giving asset management, construction, and finance a single, shared view of every capital decision from acquisition to disposition.
CapEx Orchestration is the operating system for capital — the intelligence and workflow layer that sits at the center of a commercial real estate operator’s existing technology stack, connecting asset data, planning decisions, procurement, and execution workflows across every system the organization already runs. It does not replace the PMS, the ERP, or the construction management platform. It makes them coherent.
What CapEx Orchestration does
As an operating system for capital, CapEx Orchestration spans five interconnected functions — each informed by intelligence, each feeding the next, which creates leverage within the system:
01
Asset Intelligence
Continuous visibility into asset condition, remaining useful life, and maintenance history — at the unit, building, and portfolio level. The data foundation everything else runs on.
Translating property knowledge into precise material and labor quantities — the step that turns a known condition into a buildable, biddable scope. Without quantities, nothing downstream moves at speed.
Aggregated reporting, benchmarking, and trend analysis that turns closed project data into planning intelligence for future cycles — so the system gets smarter over time.
Earlier generations of CapEx technology separated intelligence (the ability to see) from orchestration (the ability to act). The result was platforms that produced good reports but couldn’t move capital. Or platforms that managed projects but had no idea what was actually happening inside the assets.
CapEx Orchestration unifies both. Intelligence is not a separate module or a reporting layer — it is the engine that powers every orchestration decision. Asset condition data drives the planning workflow. Cost benchmarks inform the budget. Project outcomes feed future planning cycles. The intelligence compounds because the orchestration system captures it continuously.
Why speed is the real unlock
Most capital decisions stall for one reason: nobody knows the quantities. You can’t get an accurate budget, bid, or contract without knowing how much flooring, how much paint, how many linear feet of countertop a project actually requires — and in most operators’ workflows, that information doesn’t exist anywhere until someone manually walks the property and writes it down.
——
“You can’t check out at Old Navy without knowing how many pairs of pants you’re buying. But ask someone how much flooring, how much countertop, or how much paint a renovation needs, and the answer is almost always: I don’t know. How do you buy ‘I don’t know’? That’s the gap CapEx Orchestration closes.”
Tim Cantwell, CEO & Co-Founder, Tailorbird
Once asset knowledge, quantified scope, and financial workflow live in the same system, the cycle from site walk to signed contract compresses from months to days. That compression — not just visibility or reporting — is what CapEx Orchestration is ultimately built to deliver.
Who owns CapEx Orchestration?
In most organizations, no single function owns the full CapEx lifecycle — which is precisely why it breaks. Orchestration requires a cross-functional platform serving all five stakeholders (see below).
CapEx Orchestration technology serves all five — and creates the shared language they’ve never had.
01
Acquisitions
& Investments
Investment thesis and return objectives.
02
Asset Mgmt
Performance & ROI
Property performance and financial outcomes — operationally and through capital improvements.
03
Construction
Project Mgmt
Execution and vendor relationships.
04
Finance
Capital & Reporting
Capital allocation and investor reporting.
05
Property Mgmt
Operations
Physical asset and operational continuity.
——
Verified Property Data. Portfolio-Level Control. The Confidence To Act Boldly.
Tailorbird gives owners and operators a verified, AI-generated understanding of what's in every building — and the workflows to act on it.
The CapEx technology landscape for commercial real estate spans dozens of vendors across eight distinct categories. Most operators use tools from multiple categories — often without integration between them. The result is a fragmented stack with gaps at every handoff. We’ve organized the landscape by function, mapped each category’s core capability, and identified where the white space for true orchestration lives.
Category 01The Foundation Layer
Property Management Systems (PMS)
PMS platforms are the system of record for the operating asset. They manage leases, residents, rent collection, and basic work orders. CapEx lives here as a general ledger code — not as a managed workflow.
Yardi
Heavy presence in multifamily and commercial; Construction Manager / Job Cost is functional but not purpose-built.
RealPage
Multifamily presence; CapEx managed primarily through ancillary modules.
Entrata
Over 20 years in the market; CapEx capabilities limited.
MRI Software
Flexible, enterprise-grade; strong in commercial and affordable housing.
AppFolio
SMB-focused; limited CapEx sophistication.
The Gap
PMS platforms track CapEx spend. They do not plan it, scope it, or manage its execution.
Category 02The Execution Layer
Construction & Project Management
These platforms manage construction projects once scope is defined, but most weren't built with the financial rigor a capital owner needs, and several now sell directly to owners despite originating in general contractor workflows. The differentiator isn't who they sell to. It's how each one defines the center of the world.
Procore
The category's heaviest platform, including a dedicated Procore for Owners offering. Powerful, but more infrastructure than most CapEx programs require. Defines the world around a project.
Ingenious.Build
AI-enabled construction management platform. Built for real estate developers managing multiple projects, a newer, more modern entrant. Defines the world around a portfolio of projects.
Northspyre
Defines the world around a portfolio of projects, with a project and document management platform. Built for developers managing multiple ground-up construction projects at once.
SuiteSpot
Defines the world around the maintenance work order, with SuiteSpot Capital extending into capital project coordination from that starting point.
HappyCo
Defines the world around unit inspections, branching outward into work orders, condition tracking, and renovation coordination from there.
Autodesk Construction Cloud
The category's second heaviest platform. Powerful for large, complex projects; steep learning curve; overkill for most CapEx workflows. Also defines the world around a project.
The Gap
Few of these platforms combine genuine project finance rigor — estimating, bidding, contracts, change orders, invoicing — with the asset-level knowledge needed to define scope in the first place.
Category 03The Overlooked Layer
Takeoffs & Quantity Estimation
Before any budget, bid, or contract can be accurate, someone must answer a deceptively hard question: how much material does this project require? A takeoff converts property knowledge — floor plans, measurements, conditions — into the quantities a budget or bid depends on. Get the quantities wrong, and every estimate, bid, and contract downstream inherits that error.
Bluebeam
The dominant standalone takeoff and markup tool, built around manually measuring digital plan sets.
Autodesk Takeoff
Autodesk's entry into the category, increasingly leaning on computer vision to automate quantity extraction from plans and scans.
Togal
AI-powered takeoff automation; supplements technology with human review to meet accuracy thresholds.
The Gap
State-of-the-art computer vision for automated takeoffs is roughly 88% accurate today — a margin of error that exceeds the typical contingency budget on most capital projects. Accuracy that depends on a human backstop isn't a scalable product, it's an outsourced workaround.
Category 04The Emerging Layer
Property Scanning & Digital Capture
A newer set of vendors is racing to digitize physical properties into measurable, queryable data — the raw input that both asset intelligence and takeoffs depend on. This category is converging quickly with takeoffs and CapEx planning, which is itself a signal of where the market is heading.
Matterport
The category-defining 3D property scanning platform, widely used for marketing and documentation, with measurement capabilities extending toward takeoff use cases.
InsideMaps
A lower-cost alternative to traditional 3D scanning, expanding from property capture into quantity takeoffs.
Gaussian Splat / 3D Splat (emerging)
Newer photo-based capture techniques producing highly realistic 3D representations; current methods lack reliable depth data for precise measurement, but emerging approaches are beginning to close that gap.
The Gap
Capture technology is approaching commodity status. The value isn't in the scan itself — it's in what happens after: turning captured geometry into accurate quantities, accurate budgets, and a financial workflow that can act on them.
Category 05The Maintenance Layer
Facilities & Asset Management (CMMS / EAM)
CMMS and EAM platforms track equipment, maintenance history, and work orders. In multifamily, these are most commonly known simply as work order tools. They are essential for operational continuity, but reactive by design — and most EAM platforms were built for industrial plants and equipment-heavy facilities, not static residential and commercial buildings.
Planon
Enterprise EAM for large commercial portfolios; strong asset register capability.
Entrata
Maintenance and work order modules within its broader multifamily operating platform.
Yardi
Maintenance management module within Voyager, tracking work orders against the asset register.
SuiteSpot
Maintenance and turn scheduling for multifamily, with mobile workflows for on-site teams.
HappyCo
Condition data feeding preventive maintenance and unit-level work order tracking.
IBM Maximo
Industrial-grade EAM; deployed in complex commercial and industrial environments.
MaintainX
Mobile-first EAM and work order platform, acquired by Autodesk in 2025 for $3.6B.
Building Engines
Now JLL Technologies; commercial building operations with strong tenant and work order management.
The Gap
Work order tools track maintenance history. They rarely translate that data into CapEx planning triggers or remaining-useful-life projections at scale, and equipment-centric EAM platforms don't map cleanly onto the static building stock CapEx Orchestration serves.
Category 06The Control Layer
ERP & Financial Management
Enterprise resource planning systems provide the financial backbone for large operators. They are authoritative on what was spent — but provide no intelligence on what should be spent, or why.
SAP
Dominant in enterprise real estate; powerful but expensive to configure for CapEx workflows.
Oracle
Fusion Cloud / NetSuite; strong in large commercial and industrial portfolios, and widely used by mid-market operators for financial consolidation.
Sage
Intacct / Timberline; widely used mid-market accounting and ERP software, with construction-specific roots through Timberline.
Workday
Enterprise finance and HR cloud platform; capital planning typically handled outside the system.
Salesforce
CRM platform sometimes adapted via custom objects to track capital project pipelines; not purpose-built for CapEx.
AvidXchange
AP automation and invoice payment platform widely used in real estate; manages payment, not planning.
MRI Financials
Purpose-built for CRE; strong GL and reporting; limited planning workflow.
The Gap
Finance systems record capital spend. They cannot scope it, sequence it, or optimize it against asset conditions.
Category 07The Assessment Layer
Reserve Studies & Condition Assessment
Reserve study and condition assessment firms generate the raw intelligence on which CapEx plans should be built — but they deliver it as static reports, not living data.
Reserve Advisors
Widely used by multifamily operators, HOAs, and community associations to baseline asset condition and forecast long-term capital needs.
Engineering Economics Inc. (EEI)
Reserve study specialists for community associations and multifamily operators.
Altus Group
Sophisticated data and advisory with deep valuation expertise, though less focused on ongoing CapEx planning.
Partner Engineering and Science
Environmental and property condition assessments primarily serving acquisitions and due diligence.
The Gap
Reserve studies are point-in-time deliverables. Without a platform to ingest and operationalize their outputs, they become shelf documents rather than planning instruments.
Category 08The New Category
CapEx Orchestration Platforms
This category is emerging — and it is the white space the legacy landscape leaves entirely uncovered. A genuine CapEx Orchestration platform combines what the categories above offer separately: asset intelligence, quantified takeoffs, and real project finance — scoping, estimating, bidding, contracts, change orders, and invoicing — into one connected system.
Tailorbird
The leading CapEx Orchestration platform for commercial real estate. Purpose-built for owners, integrates with Yardi, RealPage, Entrata, and MRI. Covers the full cycle from property capture and takeoffs through remaining useful life, budget planning, scope development, project execution, and full audit trail.
The Category
Take a property scanning tool, a takeoff tool, and a lightweight project finance platform built for owners rather than contractors. Combine them into one connected system, and you have Tailorbird. This is the category Tailorbird is defining.
——
“CapEx Orchestration isn’t another tool in the stack. It’s the system that makes the stack work — connecting asset intelligence, capital planning, and execution into a single operating system for capital.”
Tim Cantwell, CEO of Tailorbird
——Part 4
The CapEx Orchestration Stack
How best-in-class operators are building it
Leading operators have tried the CapEx modules bolted onto their PMS — and hit the same wall. A system built for property accounting can’t orchestrate capital planning. They’re assembling purpose-fit stacks with a dedicated orchestration layer at the center, connected to the systems they already run.
The Orchestration Layer
Tailorbird sits at the center — orchestrating asset intelligence, planning, approvals, scope, execution, and portfolio reporting across the systems you already run.
Continuous, asset-data-driven capital planning with rolling forecasts
Budget accuracy
From
Historical estimates + contingency buffers
To
Scope-grounded budgets built from actual asset conditions and cost benchmarks
Execution visibility
From
Weekly status calls and manual reporting
To
Real-time project dashboards with scope, spend, and schedule in one place
Scope management
From
Change orders discovered at invoice
To
Scope drift flagged in real time, with approval workflows before commitments are made
Portfolio reporting
From
Days of manual consolidation
To
Automated executive dashboards pulling from live project and spend data
Capital compounding
From
Each cycle starts from scratch
To
Closed project data feeds future planning benchmarks automatically
——
“The pattern we see consistently: Operators come in knowing they have a CapEx problem, but they don’t realize how much is invisible to them. The first thing that changes isn’t efficiency, it’s visibility. They can finally see what’s happening across the portfolio in real time and that changes how decisions get made. But the bigger unlock comes in the second cycle. Once closed project data starts feeding back into planning benchmarks, every budget gets sharper. The intelligence compounds in a way spreadsheets never will.”
Kishan Sudusinghe, VP of Product, Tailorbird
——Part 5
The Future of CapEx Orchestration
Where the category is heading
The CapEx Orchestration category is in its early innings. The operators who build this capability now will compound advantages that are difficult to replicate: cleaner asset data, better cost benchmarks, faster execution cycles, and institutional knowledge that doesn’t walk out the door.
U.S. commercial real estate investment is forecast to reach $562 billion in 2026, a 16% increase year over year, per CBRE. [5] As capital deployment accelerates, operators with the best planning and execution infrastructure will widen their advantage over those still running on spreadsheets.
——
“The operators who win the next decade are the ones that will have better data about their assets — and systems that turn that data into capital planning decisions faster than anyone else.”
Kishan Sudusinghe, VP of Product, Tailorbird
The next five years
AI-native scope development
Platforms will generate draft scopes and budgets from asset condition data, reducing scope definition time from weeks to hours.
Predictive CapEx planning
Remaining useful life models will flag capital requirements 18–36 months in advance, shifting the planning posture from reactive to anticipatory.
Integrated procurement
CapEx platforms will connect scope definition directly to vendor bidding and contract execution, eliminating the handoff gap between planning and procurement.
Investor-grade reporting
Real-time CapEx dashboards will become standard in investor reporting packages, replacing the quarterly static slide.
Cross-portfolio benchmarking
Operators with purpose-built platforms will access anonymized benchmark data across peer portfolios, turning closed project data into competitive intelligence.
——
“Every operator we talk to is making the same trade-off: speed or control, never both. CapEx Orchestration is the first time those two things hold together. Operators who get there first will run tighter portfolios — and out-execute everyone still working from spreadsheets.”
Lindsay Crittendon, CRO of Tailorbird
The platform bet
In every mature technology market, there is a moment when point solutions give way to platforms. ERP became the operating system for finance. CRM became the operating system for revenue. CapEx Orchestration will become the operating system for capital, replacing the fragmented combination of PMS workarounds, construction PM tools, and spreadsheets that most operators run today.
The platform that owns this category will become as embedded in CRE operations as the PMS itself — not because operators add it on top of everything else, but because it becomes the center everything else connects to.
Tailorbird is building that platform.
Primary Authors
Lindsay Crittendon
Chief Revenue Officer, Tailorbird
Leads commercial strategy and customer partnerships, working directly with owners and operators deploying CapEx across large multifamily and commercial portfolios.
Tim Cantwell
Chief Executive Officer, Tailorbird
Founder and CEO of Tailorbird, focused on bringing orchestration and operational rigor to capital deployment across asset-heavy real estate enterprises.
Kishan Sudusinghe
VP of Product, Tailorbird
Drives product strategy and roadmap for the CapEx Orchestration platform, shaping how operators plan, execute, and optimize capital across their portfolios.
——
The CapEx Orchestration Platform for Multifamily Real Estate
Verified Property Data. Portfolio-Level Control. The Confidence To Act Boldly.
Tailorbird gives owners and operators a verified, AI-generated understanding of what's in every building and the workflows to act on it. By connecting full asset intelligence to planning, scoping, bidding, approvals, and project management, you make better, faster, and more precise capital decisions that maximize the value of every asset in your portfolio.
See What You Own, Before You Plan
A verified intelligence record for every asset — as-builts, takeoffs, equipment conditions, remaining useful life, and complete capital work history. No site walk required.
Plans That Reflect Your Ambitions
Build capital plans that hold up over time — optimal scopes from a verified record, leveled bids, and a faster path from approval to execution.
Execute With Confidence, Control Every Dollar
Connected workflows for scoping, bidding, and project management keep every project on track. Track unit-level expenses, monitor budget-to-actual, and reallocate in real time.
Defend Every Decision
Every capital decision is traceable from first recommendation to final spend. Portfolio-wide visibility and a complete audit trail give owners, operators, and partners a single source of truth.
CapEx Orchestration is the operating system for capital expenditure in commercial real estate — the coordination layer that connects asset intelligence, planning, scoping, bidding, approvals, execution, and reporting across an owner's existing PMS, ERP, construction, and CMMS systems.
How is CapEx Orchestration different from a PMS, ERP, or construction management tool?
PMS and ERP systems record financial transactions; construction management tools execute a single project. CapEx Orchestration sits across them — it makes the existing stack coherent by giving owners verified asset data, a portfolio-level plan, and connected workflows from first scope to final spend.
Who needs CapEx Orchestration?
Owners and operators of asset-heavy real estate portfolios — multifamily, commercial, mixed-use — that deploy meaningful annual capital across many properties and need portfolio-level visibility, control, and auditability over how that capital is planned and spent.
What vendors are in the CapEx Orchestration landscape?
The landscape spans Property Management Systems (Yardi, RealPage, Entrata, MRI, AppFolio), ERPs (SAP, Oracle, Workday, Sage), construction and takeoff tools (Procore, Autodesk, Bluebeam, Togal), CMMS (IBM Maximo, Planon, MaintainX), reserve studies (Reserve Advisors, EEI, Partner ESI), capture (Matterport, InsideMaps), and the dedicated orchestration layer (Tailorbird, Northspyre, Ingenious.Build).
When was this guide last updated?
This guide is a living document. It was last updated in June 2026.
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All statistics cited in this guide are drawn from published third-party research as well as Tailorbird proprietary research. Where ranges are cited, the conservative end of the published range is used. CRE-specific benchmarks from Tailorbird’s primary research are published separately in the 2026 State of CapEx Orchestration report.
[1]McKinsey Global Institute. “Imagining Construction's Digital Future” / “The Construction Productivity Imperative.” Finding: large capital projects run 20% over schedule and up to 80% over budget; 9 in 10 projects experience cost overruns.
[2]KPMG International. “Climbing the Curve: Global Construction Survey 2015.” Finding: only 31% of projects came within 10% of budgeted cost; only 25% within 10% of original deadlines.
[3]PlanGrid & FMI Corporation. “Construction Disconnected.” 2018. Survey of ~600 U.S. construction leaders. $177.5B in annual labor costs tied to non-optimal activities; 52% of rework caused by poor data and miscommunication; $31.3B in annual rework cost from miscommunication alone.
[4]Autodesk / FMI joint report, 2022. Finding: rework accounts for approximately 5% of U.S. construction spending (~$65B annually). Consistent with Construction Industry Institute (CII) data showing rework consumes 5–15% of total project costs.
[5]CBRE. “U.S. Real Estate Market Outlook 2026.” U.S. CRE investment activity expected to reach $562B in 2026, up 16% YoY.
[6]Flyvbjerg, Bent & Gardner, Dan. “How Big Things Get Done,” 2023. Analysis of 16,000+ large projects: 91.5% go over budget, over schedule, or both. Average cost overrun on major building projects: 62%.
[7]SmartPM Technologies. “2025 State of Construction Scheduling Report.” Analysis of 70,000+ schedules and 3,500+ industry professionals. Finding: 88% of baseline schedules fail to meet basic quality benchmarks.
[8]IDC, commissioned by Procore Technologies. “Owners at the Leading Edge.” Survey of 505 U.S./Canadian construction project owners and developers. Findings: 75% over budget, 77% behind schedule, projects averaging 70 days late, 15% average cost increase from budget changes.
